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1 plant heritage
наследие растительного мира
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
plant heritage
The sum of the earth's or a particular region's herb, vegetable, shrub and tree life viewed as the inheritance of the present generation, especially plant species deemed worthy of preservation and protection from extinction. (Source: PPP / OED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > plant heritage
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2 plant heritage
English-Russian dictionary of popular words > plant heritage
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3 наследие растительного мира
наследие растительного мира
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
plant heritage
The sum of the earth's or a particular region's herb, vegetable, shrub and tree life viewed as the inheritance of the present generation, especially plant species deemed worthy of preservation and protection from extinction. (Source: PPP / OED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > наследие растительного мира
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4 наследие растительного мира
наследие растительного мира
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
plant heritage
The sum of the earth's or a particular region's herb, vegetable, shrub and tree life viewed as the inheritance of the present generation, especially plant species deemed worthy of preservation and protection from extinction. (Source: PPP / OED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > наследие растительного мира
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5 patrimoine végétal
наследие растительного мира
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
plant heritage
The sum of the earth's or a particular region's herb, vegetable, shrub and tree life viewed as the inheritance of the present generation, especially plant species deemed worthy of preservation and protection from extinction. (Source: PPP / OED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > patrimoine végétal
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6 Pflanzenerbgut
наследие растительного мира
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
plant heritage
The sum of the earth's or a particular region's herb, vegetable, shrub and tree life viewed as the inheritance of the present generation, especially plant species deemed worthy of preservation and protection from extinction. (Source: PPP / OED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Pflanzenerbgut
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7 наследие растительного мира
наследие растительного мира
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
plant heritage
The sum of the earth's or a particular region's herb, vegetable, shrub and tree life viewed as the inheritance of the present generation, especially plant species deemed worthy of preservation and protection from extinction. (Source: PPP / OED)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > наследие растительного мира
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8 plantearv
subst. (miljø) plant heritage -
9 world
wə:ld1) (the planet Earth: every country of the world.) mundo2) (the people who live on the planet Earth: The whole world is waiting for a cure for cancer.) mundo3) (any planet etc: people from other worlds.) mundo4) (a state of existence: Many people believe that after death the soul enters the next world; Do concentrate! You seem to be living in another world.) mundo5) (an area of life or activity: the insect world; the world of the international businessman.) mundo6) (a great deal: The holiday did him a/the world of good.) inmenso7) (the lives and ways of ordinary people: He's been a monk for so long that he knows nothing of the (outside) world.) mundo•- worldly- worldliness
- worldwide
- World Wide Web
- the best of both worlds
- for all the world
- out of this world
- what in the world? - what in the world
world n mundotr[wɜːld]1 (earth) mundo2 (sphere) mundo3 (life) mundo, vida4 (people) mundowhat is the world coming to? ¿a dónde iremos a parar?5 (large amount, large number)this will make a world of difference to the disabled esto cambiará totalmente la vida de los minusválidos1 (population, peace) mundial; (politics, trade) internacional\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLnot to do something for (all) the world no hacer algo por nada del mundoa man/woman of the world un hombre/una mujer de mundoit's a small world el mundo es un pañueloit's not the end of the world no es el fin del mundoout of this world fenomenal, estupendo,-a, increíble, fantástico,-athe outside world el mundo exteriorthe world is one's oyster el mundo es suyo, tener el mundo a sus piesto be/mean all the world to somebody serlo todo para alguiento be dead/lost to the world estar profundamente dormido,-ato come down in the world venir a menosto go up in the world prosperar, mejorarto have the best of both worlds tener todas las ventajasto live in a world of one's own vivir en su propio mundoto see the world ver mundoto set the world on fire comerse el mundoto think the world of somebody querer mucho a alguien, adorar a alguienWorld Bank Banco Mundialworld champion campeón,-ona mundialWorld Cup el Mundial, los Mundialesworld fair exposición nombre femenino internacionalworld music música étnicaWorld War I primera guerra mundialWorld War II segunda guerra mundialworld ['wərld] adj: mundial, del mundoworld championship: campeonato mundialworld n: mundo maround the world: alrededor del mundoa world of possibilities: un mundo de posibilidadesto think the world of someone: tener a alguien en alta estimato be worlds apart: no tener nada que ver (uno con otro)adj.• mundano, -a adj.• mundial adj.• mundo, -a adj.n.• mundo s.m.• orbe s.m.• siglo s.m.• tierra s.f.wɜːrld, wɜːld1) ( earth) mundo mto see the world — ver* mundo
there were celebrations all over the world o the world over — hubo festejos en todo el mundo or en el mundo entero
world's (AmE) o (BrE) world record time — récord m or marca f mundial
(it's a) small world! — el mundo es un pañuelo, qué pequeño or (AmL) chico es el mundo!
the world is his/her oyster — tiene el mundo a sus pies
to be dead o lost to the world — estar* profundamente dormido
to be out of this world — \<\<food/music\>\> ser* increíble or fantástico
to bring somebody into the world — traer* a alguien al mundo
to come into the world — venir* al mundo
to have the best of both worlds — tener* todas las ventajas
money makes the world go around — poderoso caballero es don dinero; (before n) <economy, peace> mundial; <politics, trade> internacional
2)a) ( people generally) mundo mwhat is the world coming to? — ¿adónde vamos a ir a parar?
to watch the world go by — ver* pasar a la gente
b) ( society)they've gone up in the world — han prosperado mucho (or hecho fortuna etc)
a woman/man of the world — una mujer/un hombre de mundo
3) (specific period, group) mundo mto live in a world of one's own — vivir en su (or mi etc) propio mundo
there's a world of difference between... — hay una diferencia enorme entre..., hay un abismo entre...
we are worlds apart — no tenemos nada que ver, somos como el día y la noche
to have all the time in the world — tener* todo el tiempo del mundo
who in the world is going to believe that? — ¿quién diablos or demonios se va a creer eso? (fam)
5) ( Relig)[wɜːld]this/the other world — este/el otro mundo
1. N1) (=planet) mundo mour company leads the world in shoe manufacturing — nuestra empresa es líder mundial en la confección de calzado
•
in the best of all possible worlds — en el mejor de los mundos•
it's not the end of the world! * — ¡no es el fin del mundo!•
the tallest man in the world — el hombre más alto del mundo•
the New World — el Nuevo Mundo•
the Old World — el Viejo Mundo•
she has travelled all over the world — ha viajado por todo el mundoit's the same the world over — es igual en todo el mundo, es igual vayas a donde vayas
•
in a perfect world this would be possible — en un mundo ideal or perfecto esto sería posible•
you have to start living in the real world — tienes que empezar a afrontar la vida or la realidad•
to go round the world — dar la vuelta al mundo•
to see the world — ver mundo•
to take the world as it is — aceptar la realidad, aceptar las cosas como son•
the worst of all possible worlds — el peor de todos los mundos posibles- have the world at one's feet- live in a world of one's own- feel on top of the worlddead 1., 1), money 1., 1), third 4.2) (=realm) mundo m•
the animal world — el reino animal•
the Arab world — el mundo árabe•
the business world — el mundo de los negocios•
the English-speaking world — el mundo de habla inglesa•
the plant world — el reino vegetal•
the world of sport — el mundo deportivo, el mundo de los deportes•
the sporting world — el mundo deportivo, el mundo de los deportes•
the Western world — el mundo occidental3) (=society) mundo mher blouse was undone for all the world to see — tenía la blusa desabrochada a la vista de todo el mundo
•
to be alone in the world — estar solo en el mundo, no tener a nadie en el mundo- come down in the world- go up in the worldman 1., 1), outside 3., 1), way 1., 2)4) (=life) mundo min this world — en esta vida, en este mundo
•
to bring a child into the world — traer a un niño al mundo•
to come into the world — venir al mundo•
in the next world — en la otra vida, en el otro mundo•
the other world — el otro mundo- have the best of both worlds•
for all the world as if it had never happened — como si nunca hubiera ocurrido•
they're worlds apart — son totalmente opuestos or diferentes, no tiene nada que ver el uno con el otrothey're worlds apart politically — políticamente los separa un abismo, mantienen posiciones políticas totalmente diferentes
•
there's a world of difference between... — hay un mundo or abismo entre...•
I'd give the world to know — daría todo el oro del mundo por saberlo•
it did him the world of good — le sentó de maravilla, le hizo la mar de bien *•
nothing in the world would make me do it — no lo haría por nada del mundohow in the world did you manage to do it? * — ¿cómo demonios or diablos conseguiste hacerlo?
what in the world were you thinking of! * — ¡qué demonios or diablos estabas pensando! *
where in the world has he got to? * — ¿dónde demonios or diablos se ha metido? *
why in the world did you do that? * — ¿por qué demonios or diablos hiciste eso? *
•
she means the world to me — ella significa muchísimo para mí•
not for all the world — por nada del mundo•
he promised me the world — me prometió la luna•
to think the world of sb — tener a algn en gran estima2.CPD [economy, proportions] mundial; [events, news] internacional; [trade] internacional, mundial; [tour] mundial, alrededor del mundoWorld Bank N — Banco m Mundial
world beater N — campeón(-ona) m / f mundial
world champion N — campeón(-ona) m / f del mundo, campeón(-ona) m / f mundial
world championship N — campeonato m mundial, campeonato m del mundo
the World Cup N — (Ftbl) la Copa Mundial, la Copa del Mundo
world fair N — feria f universal
World Heritage Site N — lugar m patrimonio de la humanidad
world language N — lengua f universal
world leader N — [of country, company] líder m mundial; (=politician) jefe(-a) m / f de estado
world market N — mercado m mundial
world market price N — precio m (del mercado) mundial
world music N — músicas fpl del mundo, world music f
world order N — orden m mundial
world power N — (=country) potencia f mundial
world premiere N — estreno m mundial
world record N — récord m mundial
world's champion N — (US) campeón(-ona) m / f del mundo, campeón(-ona) m / f mundial
World Series N — (US) campeonato m mundial de béisbol
See:see cultural note BASEBALL in baseballWorld Service N — (Brit) servicio internacional de la BBC
world title N — título m mundial
•
the World Trade Organization — la Organización Mundial del Comercioworld view N — cosmovisión f
World War One/Two — la Primera/Segunda Guerra Mundial
* * *[wɜːrld, wɜːld]1) ( earth) mundo mto see the world — ver* mundo
there were celebrations all over the world o the world over — hubo festejos en todo el mundo or en el mundo entero
world's (AmE) o (BrE) world record time — récord m or marca f mundial
(it's a) small world! — el mundo es un pañuelo, qué pequeño or (AmL) chico es el mundo!
the world is his/her oyster — tiene el mundo a sus pies
to be dead o lost to the world — estar* profundamente dormido
to be out of this world — \<\<food/music\>\> ser* increíble or fantástico
to bring somebody into the world — traer* a alguien al mundo
to come into the world — venir* al mundo
to have the best of both worlds — tener* todas las ventajas
money makes the world go around — poderoso caballero es don dinero; (before n) <economy, peace> mundial; <politics, trade> internacional
2)a) ( people generally) mundo mwhat is the world coming to? — ¿adónde vamos a ir a parar?
to watch the world go by — ver* pasar a la gente
b) ( society)they've gone up in the world — han prosperado mucho (or hecho fortuna etc)
a woman/man of the world — una mujer/un hombre de mundo
3) (specific period, group) mundo mto live in a world of one's own — vivir en su (or mi etc) propio mundo
there's a world of difference between... — hay una diferencia enorme entre..., hay un abismo entre...
we are worlds apart — no tenemos nada que ver, somos como el día y la noche
to have all the time in the world — tener* todo el tiempo del mundo
who in the world is going to believe that? — ¿quién diablos or demonios se va a creer eso? (fam)
5) ( Relig)this/the other world — este/el otro mundo
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10 digital
adj.1 digital (computing & Tec).2 Touch-Tone.f.foxglove (plant).m.digitalis.* * *► adjetivo1 digital\huellas digitales fingerprints* * *adj.* * *1. ADJ1) [ordenador, reloj] digital2) (=dactilar) finger antes de s2. SF1) (Bot) foxglove2) (=droga) digitalis* * *a) ( dactilar) finger (before n), digital (frml)b) <aparato/sonido> digital* * *= digital.Ex. Advances in digital prepress that have occurred during 1980-81 are reviewed, and the continuing progress in electronic publishing techniques is described.----* activo digital = digital assets.* bienes digitales = digital assets.* brecha digital, la = digital divide, the.* capital digital = digital assets.* codificación digital = digital coding.* con una formación tecnológica digital = digitally-oriented.* con una inclinación hacia la tecnología digital = digitally-oriented.* depósito de documentos digitales = repository.* disco digital = digital disc.* disco óptico dígital = optical digital disc.* división digital, la = digital divide, the.* DOI (Identificador de Objeto Digital) = DOI (Digital Object Identifier).* en la era digital = in the digital era, in the digital age.* era digital, la = digital age, the.* imagen digital de un documento = digital image document.* mensaje digital = digital message.* mundo digital, el = digital world, the.* nacido antes de la era digital = digital immigrant.* nacido en la era digital = digital native.* ordenador digital = digital computer.* PADI (Preservación de Información Digital Australiana) = PADI (Preservation of Australian Digital Information).* patrimonio digital = digital heritage.* plataforma digital = digital platform.* publicación digital = digital publication.* recuperación de imágenes digitales = digital image retrieval.* recursos digitales = digital assets.* repositorio digital = digital repository.* revolución digital, la = digital revolution, the.* señal digital = digital signal.* televisión digital = digital television.* voz digital = digital voice.* * *a) ( dactilar) finger (before n), digital (frml)b) <aparato/sonido> digital* * *= digital.Ex: Advances in digital prepress that have occurred during 1980-81 are reviewed, and the continuing progress in electronic publishing techniques is described.
* activo digital = digital assets.* bienes digitales = digital assets.* brecha digital, la = digital divide, the.* capital digital = digital assets.* codificación digital = digital coding.* con una formación tecnológica digital = digitally-oriented.* con una inclinación hacia la tecnología digital = digitally-oriented.* depósito de documentos digitales = repository.* disco digital = digital disc.* disco óptico dígital = optical digital disc.* división digital, la = digital divide, the.* DOI (Identificador de Objeto Digital) = DOI (Digital Object Identifier).* en la era digital = in the digital era, in the digital age.* era digital, la = digital age, the.* imagen digital de un documento = digital image document.* mensaje digital = digital message.* mundo digital, el = digital world, the.* nacido antes de la era digital = digital immigrant.* nacido en la era digital = digital native.* ordenador digital = digital computer.* PADI (Preservación de Información Digital Australiana) = PADI (Preservation of Australian Digital Information).* patrimonio digital = digital heritage.* plataforma digital = digital platform.* publicación digital = digital publication.* recuperación de imágenes digitales = digital image retrieval.* recursos digitales = digital assets.* repositorio digital = digital repository.* revolución digital, la = digital revolution, the.* señal digital = digital signal.* televisión digital = digital television.* voz digital = digital voice.* * *2 ‹reloj/ordenador/datos› digital3 ‹sonido/grabación› digital2 ( Med) digitalis* * *
digital adjetivo
digital adjetivo digital
huellas digitales, fingerprints
reloj/sonido digital, digital watch/sound
' digital' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
huella
- casete
English:
analog
- analogue
- digital
- DVD
- finger
- fox
* * *♦ adj2. [reloj, televisión, tecnología] digital♦ nf[planta] foxglove* * *I adj digitalII f BOT foxglove* * *digital adj: digital♦ digitalmente advdigital nf1) dedalera: foxglove2) : digitalis* * *digital adj digital -
11 CHP
1) Компьютерная техника: Cylinder Head Packing2) Медицина: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Community Health Partnership, capsular hydrostatic pressure3) Техника: cumene hydroperoxide4) Шутливое выражение: Can't Handle Police, Captain Hector Protector5) Математика: свойство накрывающей гомотопии (covering homotopy property)6) Религия: Christian Heritage Party7) Британский английский: теплоэлектростанция (combined heat and power station)8) Ветеринария: Carolina Horse Park9) Психология: культурно-историческая психология (сокр. от Cultural-Historical Psychology)10) Сокращение: California Highway Patrol, Combined Heat & Power12) Иммунология: Conserved Hypothetical Proteins13) Фирменный знак: Cypress Hill Production14) Энергетика: ТЭЦ (Combined Heat and Power)15) Деловая лексика: комбинированное производство тепловой и электрической энергии (cogeneration of heating and power)16) ЕБРР: combined heat and power plant17) Химическое оружие: Chemical Hygiene Plan18) Расширение файла: Chapter, Chapter file (Ventura Publisher)19) Энергосистемы: combined heat production20) Нефть и газ: парогазовая, теплоэлектроцентраль, теплоэнергетическая станция, электростанция с комбинированным производством электроэнергии и тепла, парогазовая электростанция, cogeneration plant, ТЭС21) Военно-политический термин: checkpoint22) Каспий: combined heat and power23) NYSE. C & D Technologies, Inc.24) Аэропорты: Circle Hot Springs, Alaska USA -
12 ChP
1) Компьютерная техника: Cylinder Head Packing2) Медицина: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Community Health Partnership, capsular hydrostatic pressure3) Техника: cumene hydroperoxide4) Шутливое выражение: Can't Handle Police, Captain Hector Protector5) Математика: свойство накрывающей гомотопии (covering homotopy property)6) Религия: Christian Heritage Party7) Британский английский: теплоэлектростанция (combined heat and power station)8) Ветеринария: Carolina Horse Park9) Психология: культурно-историческая психология (сокр. от Cultural-Historical Psychology)10) Сокращение: California Highway Patrol, Combined Heat & Power12) Иммунология: Conserved Hypothetical Proteins13) Фирменный знак: Cypress Hill Production14) Энергетика: ТЭЦ (Combined Heat and Power)15) Деловая лексика: комбинированное производство тепловой и электрической энергии (cogeneration of heating and power)16) ЕБРР: combined heat and power plant17) Химическое оружие: Chemical Hygiene Plan18) Расширение файла: Chapter, Chapter file (Ventura Publisher)19) Энергосистемы: combined heat production20) Нефть и газ: парогазовая, теплоэлектроцентраль, теплоэнергетическая станция, электростанция с комбинированным производством электроэнергии и тепла, парогазовая электростанция, cogeneration plant, ТЭС21) Военно-политический термин: checkpoint22) Каспий: combined heat and power23) NYSE. C & D Technologies, Inc.24) Аэропорты: Circle Hot Springs, Alaska USA -
13 Chp
1) Компьютерная техника: Cylinder Head Packing2) Медицина: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Community Health Partnership, capsular hydrostatic pressure3) Техника: cumene hydroperoxide4) Шутливое выражение: Can't Handle Police, Captain Hector Protector5) Математика: свойство накрывающей гомотопии (covering homotopy property)6) Религия: Christian Heritage Party7) Британский английский: теплоэлектростанция (combined heat and power station)8) Ветеринария: Carolina Horse Park9) Психология: культурно-историческая психология (сокр. от Cultural-Historical Psychology)10) Сокращение: California Highway Patrol, Combined Heat & Power12) Иммунология: Conserved Hypothetical Proteins13) Фирменный знак: Cypress Hill Production14) Энергетика: ТЭЦ (Combined Heat and Power)15) Деловая лексика: комбинированное производство тепловой и электрической энергии (cogeneration of heating and power)16) ЕБРР: combined heat and power plant17) Химическое оружие: Chemical Hygiene Plan18) Расширение файла: Chapter, Chapter file (Ventura Publisher)19) Энергосистемы: combined heat production20) Нефть и газ: парогазовая, теплоэлектроцентраль, теплоэнергетическая станция, электростанция с комбинированным производством электроэнергии и тепла, парогазовая электростанция, cogeneration plant, ТЭС21) Военно-политический термин: checkpoint22) Каспий: combined heat and power23) NYSE. C & D Technologies, Inc.24) Аэропорты: Circle Hot Springs, Alaska USA -
14 chp
1) Компьютерная техника: Cylinder Head Packing2) Медицина: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Community Health Partnership, capsular hydrostatic pressure3) Техника: cumene hydroperoxide4) Шутливое выражение: Can't Handle Police, Captain Hector Protector5) Математика: свойство накрывающей гомотопии (covering homotopy property)6) Религия: Christian Heritage Party7) Британский английский: теплоэлектростанция (combined heat and power station)8) Ветеринария: Carolina Horse Park9) Психология: культурно-историческая психология (сокр. от Cultural-Historical Psychology)10) Сокращение: California Highway Patrol, Combined Heat & Power12) Иммунология: Conserved Hypothetical Proteins13) Фирменный знак: Cypress Hill Production14) Энергетика: ТЭЦ (Combined Heat and Power)15) Деловая лексика: комбинированное производство тепловой и электрической энергии (cogeneration of heating and power)16) ЕБРР: combined heat and power plant17) Химическое оружие: Chemical Hygiene Plan18) Расширение файла: Chapter, Chapter file (Ventura Publisher)19) Энергосистемы: combined heat production20) Нефть и газ: парогазовая, теплоэлектроцентраль, теплоэнергетическая станция, электростанция с комбинированным производством электроэнергии и тепла, парогазовая электростанция, cogeneration plant, ТЭС21) Военно-политический термин: checkpoint22) Каспий: combined heat and power23) NYSE. C & D Technologies, Inc.24) Аэропорты: Circle Hot Springs, Alaska USA -
15 tie
tie [taɪ]cravate ⇒ 1 (a) attache ⇒ 1 (b), 1 (c) lien ⇒ 1 (c) entrave ⇒ 1 (d) égalité ⇒ 1 (e) match nul ⇒ 1 (e) match ⇒ 1 (f) attacher ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b) s'attacher ⇒ 3 (a) être à égalité ⇒ 3 (b)1 noun(b) (fastener → gen) attache f; (→ on apron) cordon m; (→ for curtain) embrasse f; (→ on shoes) lacet m(c) (bond, link) lien m, attache f;∎ emotional ties liens mpl affectifs;∎ family ties liens mpl de parenté ou familiaux;∎ there are strong ties between the two countries les deux pays entretiennent d'étroites relations;∎ he has no ties to the place il n'y a rien qui l'attache à cet endroit(d) (restriction) entrave f;∎ pets/young children can be a tie les animaux/les jeunes enfants peuvent être une entrave(e) Sport (draw) égalité f; (drawn match) match m nul; (in competition) = compétition dont les gagnants sont ex aequo; Politics égalité f de voix;∎ the match ended in a tie les deux équipes ont fait match nul;∎ it was a tie for first/second place il y avait deux premiers/seconds ex aequo;∎ the election resulted in a tie les candidats ont obtenu le même nombre de voix ou étaient à égalité des voix∎ a championship tie un match de championnat;∎ a European cup tie un match de la coupe européenne(i) Building industry tirant m(a) (with string, rope → parcel) attacher, ficeler;∎ is it tied properly? est-ce que c'est bien attaché?;∎ they tied him to a tree il l'ont attaché ou ligoté à un arbre;∎ his hands and feet were tied ses mains et ses pieds étaient ligotés(b) (necktie, scarf, shoelaces) attacher, nouer;∎ to tie one's shoelaces attacher ou nouer ses lacets (de chaussures);∎ to tie a scarf round one's neck nouer une écharpe autour de son cou;∎ why not tie some string to the handle? pourquoi ne pas attacher une ficelle à la poignée?;∎ she tied the ribbon in a bow elle a fait un nœud au ruban;∎ she tied a bow/a ribbon in her hair elle s'est mis un nœud/un ruban dans les cheveux;∎ to tie a knot in sth, to tie sth in a knot faire un nœud à qch;∎ figurative he's still tied to his mother's apron strings il n'a pas encore quitté les jupes de sa mère(c) (confine → of responsibility, job etc)∎ she's tied to the house (unable to get out) elle est clouée à la maison; (kept busy) la maison l'accapare beaucoup;∎ the job keeps me very much tied to my desk mon travail m'oblige à passer beaucoup de temps devant mon bureau;∎ they're tied to or by the conditions of the contract ils sont liés par les conditions du contrat∎ to be tied to avoir un lien avec(a) (apron, shoelace etc) s'attacher, se nouer;∎ the dress ties at the back la robe s'attache par derrière(b) (draw → players) être à égalité; (→ in match) faire match nul; (→ in exam, competition) être ex aequo; (→ in election) obtenir le même score ou nombre de voix;∎ they tied for third place in the competition ils étaient troisième ex aequo au concours►► Building industry tie beam longrine f;Telecommunications tie line ligne f interautomatique;tie pin épingle f de cravate;tie rack porte-cravates m inv;American tie tack fixe-cravate m(hair) attacher (en arrière); (curtains, plant) attacher;∎ her hair was tied back in a bun ses cheveux étaient ramassés en chignon(a) (with string, rope → person, object) attacher;∎ they had to tie him down ils ont dû l'attacher∎ she doesn't want to feel tied down elle ne veut pas perdre sa liberté;∎ children can really tie you down il arrive que les enfants vous accaparent totalement;∎ I'd rather not be tied down to a specific time je préférerais qu'on ne fixe pas une heure précise;∎ we must tie them down to the terms of the contract il faut les obliger à respecter les termes du contrat➲ tie in(a) (be connected) être lié ou en rapport;∎ everything seems to tie in tout semble se tenir;∎ this ties in with what I said before cela rejoint ce que j'ai dit avant(b) (correspond) correspondre, concorder;∎ the evidence doesn't tie in with the facts les indices dont nous disposons ne correspondent pas aux faits ou ne cadrent pas avec les faits∎ how is this tied in with your previous experiments? quel est le lien ou le rapport avec vos expériences antérieures?;∎ she's trying to tie her work experience in with her research elle essaie de faire coïncider son expérience professionnelle et ses recherches∎ she had a basket tied on to the handlebars elle avait un panier attaché à son guidon∎ to tie one on (get drunk) prendre une cuite, se cuiter∎ it all ties together tout se tient;∎ his story doesn't tie together very well son histoire ne tient pas vraiment debout(papers, sticks) attacher (ensemble);∎ to tie sb's hands/feet together attacher les mains/les pieds de qn;∎ the letters had been tied together in bundles les lettres avaient été mises en liasses➲ tie up(a) (parcel, papers) ficeler; (plant, animal) attacher; (prisoner) attacher, ligoter; (boat) attacher, arrimer; (shoelace, hair) nouer, attacher;∎ the letters were tied up in bundles les lettres étaient ficelées en liasses;∎ the dog was tied up to a post le chien était attaché à un poteau(b) (usu passive) (money, supplies) immobiliser;∎ their money is all tied up in shares leur argent est entièrement investi dans des actions;∎ her inheritance is tied up until her 21st birthday elle ne peut toucher à son héritage avant son 21ème anniversaire(c) (connect → company, organization) lier par des accords∎ I'd like to get everything tied up before the holidays je voudrais arriver à tout régler avant les vacances;∎ there are still a few loose ends to tie up il y a encore quelques points de détail à régler(a) (be connected) être lié;∎ how does this tie up with the Chicago gang killings? quel est le rapport avec les assassinats du gang de Chicago?;∎ it's all beginning to tie up tout commence à s'expliquer -
16 come
come [kʌm]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━2. modifier━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. venir• coming! j'arrive !► to come + preposition• to come behind sb/sth suivre qn/qch• to come between two people ( = interfere) s'interposer entre deux personnes• to come for sb/sth venir chercher qn/qch• where do you come from? tu viens d'où ?• if it comes to that,... dans ce cas-là...• when it comes to... quand il s'agit de...► to come + -ing• to come running/shouting arriver en courant/en criant► to come + adverb/adjective• to come apart ( = fall to pieces) tomber en morceauxb. ( = have one's place) se trouverc. ( = happen) arriver• how do you come to be here? comment se fait-il que vous soyez ici ?• how come it's so expensive? (inf) comment se fait-il que cela soit si cher ?d. ( = result from) nothing came of it il n'en est rien sortie. ( = be available) this dress comes in three sizes cette robe existe en trois tailles• how do you like your tea? -- as it comes comment voulez-vous votre thé ? -- ça m'est égalf. ► to come to + infinitive ( = end up) finir parg. ( = reach orgasm) (inf!) jouir2. modifier(gen = lure) attrape-nigaud m( = happen) arriver• how did it come about? comment est-ce arrivé ?► come acrossa. ( = cross) traversera. venir• come along! (allez,) venez !• why don't you come along? pourquoi ne viendrais-tu pas ?b. ( = progress) faire des progrès ; [plans] avancera. ( = leave) s'en aller• come away from there! va-t'en de là !b. ( = become detached) se détacher[person, fashion] revenira. descendre• come down from there at once! descends de là tout de suite !b. ( = fall) [rain, curtain] tomberd. ( = be demolished) être démolie. ( = drop) [prices] baisserf. ( = be transmitted) [tradition] être transmis (de père en fils)► come down with inseparable transitive verb[+ disease] attraper• after the burglary, her neighbours came forward with offers of help après le cambriolage, ses voisins ont offert de l'aidera. [person] entrer ; [tide] monter• come in! entrez !• reports are now coming in of a terrorist attack des informations nous parviennent selon lesquelles il y aurait eu un attentat terroristec. he has £20,000 coming in every year il touche 20 000 livres par an• we have no money coming in at the moment nous n'avons aucune rentrée d'argent en ce moment► come in for inseparable transitive verb[+ criticism] être l'objet dea. ( = inherit) hériter deb. ( = play a role) logic doesn't really come into it la logique n'a pas grand-chose à voir là-dedans► come offa. [button] se découdre ; [mark] partirb. ( = take place) avoir lieuc. ( = succeed) [plan] se réaliser ; [attempt, experiment] réussird. (in contest, conflict) to come off best avoir le dessusb. [+ drug] arrêtera. come on, try again! allez, encore un effort !b. ( = progress) faire des progrès• how are your plans coming on? où en sont vos projets ?d. [actor] entrer en scène( = start discussing) aborder• I'll come on to that in a moment j'aborderai cette question dans un moment► come out intransitive verba. sortir ; [sun, stars] apparaître ; [truth, news, qualities] apparaître au grand jour ; [stain] partir• to come out for/against sth prendre position pour/contre qchd. (British) ( = come out on strike) se mettre en grève• she came out as a lesbian elle a révélé son homosexualité► come out with (inf) inseparable transitive verb• you never know what she's going to come out with next on ne sait jamais ce qu'elle va sortir (inf)► come overa. venirc. ( = make impression) he came over as a decent person il a donné l'impression d'être une personne décente[feeling] envahirb. ( = drop in) passerc. ( = happen) se tenird. ( = change one's mind) changer d'avise. ( = regain consciousness) revenir à soi► come througha. ( = survive) s'en sortirc. what came through most was her enthusiasm ce que l'on remarquait surtout, c'était son enthousiasme( = survive) [+ illness, danger, war] survivre à► come to( = regain consciousness) reprendre connaissance( = amount to) se monter à• how much does it come to? ça se monte à combien ?• it comes to $20 ça fait 20 dollars en touta. ( = be subjected to) [+ sb's influence] tomber sous ; [+ attack, pressure] être l'objet deb. ( = be classified under) être classé sousc. ( = be the responsibility of) this comes under another department c'est du ressort d'un autre service► come up intransitive verba. monter• do you come up to York often? est-ce que vous montez souvent à York ?c. [plant] sortird. [sun] se levere. ( = arise) être soulevéa. ( = reach up to) arriver àb. ( = equal) répondre à• his work has not come up to our expectations son travail n'a pas répondu à notre attente► come up with inseparable transitive verb* * *[kʌm] 1.2. 3.come, come! — allons, allons!
1) ( arrive) [person, day, success, fame] venir; [bus, letter, news, rains, winter, war] arriverto come by — ( take) prendre [bus, taxi, plane]
I came on foot/by bike — je suis venu à pied/à bicyclette
to come down — descendre [stairs, street]
to come up — monter [stairs, street]
to come from — venir de [airport, hospital]
to come into — entrer dans [house, room]
to come past — [car, person] passer
to come through — [person] passer par [town centre, tunnel]; [water, object] traverser [window etc]
to come to — venir à [school, telephone]
come Christmas/summer — à Noël/en été
2) ( approach) s'approcherto come and see/help somebody — venir voir/aider quelqu'un
to come to somebody for — venir demander [quelque chose] à quelqu'un [money, advice]
I could see it coming — ( of accident) je le voyais venir
to come close ou near to doing — faillir faire
3) (call, visit) [dustman, postman] passer; [cleaner] venir4) ( attend) venirto come to — venir à [meeting, party]
5) ( reach)to come to —
to come up/down to — [water] venir jusqu'à; [dress, curtain] arriver à
6) ( happen)7) ( begin)to come to believe/hate — finir par croire/détester
8) ( originate)to come from — [person] être originaire de, venir de [city, country]; [word, legend] venir de [country, language]; [substance] provenir de [raw material]; [coins, stamps] provenir de [place]; [smell, sound] venir de [place]
to come from France — [fruit, painting] provenir de France; [person] être français/-e
9) ( be available)to come in — exister en [sizes, colours]
10) ( tackle)to come to — aborder [problem, subject]
11) ( develop)12) ( be situated) venirto come after — suivre, venir après
to come before — (in time, list, queue) précéder; ( in importance) passer avant
to come first/last — arriver premier/dernier
13) ( be due)he had it coming (to him) — (colloq) ça lui pendait au nez
they got what was coming to them — (colloq) ils ont fini par avoir ce qu'ils méritaient
14) ( be a question of)when it comes to something/to doing — lorsqu'il s'agit de quelque chose/de faire
•Phrasal Verbs:- come at- come by- come in- come off- come on- come out- come to- come up••come again? — (colloq) pardon?
come to that ou if it comes to that, you may be right — en fait, tu as peut-être raison
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17 церковь
I(название христ. культового здания, имеющего алтарь и помещение для богослужения) church, ecclesia; устар. dominicalбез церкви (о деревне, городе и т. п.) прил. — churchless
домовая церковь (церковь, находящаяся внутри какого-л. здания, дома, напр. при архиерейских покоях, в больнице и т. п.) — domestic church; private chapel
зимняя церковь — см. тёплая церковь
католическая церковь — Roman Catholic church, Mass house
крестовая церковь — domestic church at the residence of a hierarch [of a metropolitan]
надвратная церковь — gateway church, church over a gateway
небольшая церковь (домовая, тюремная, полковая, при учебном заведении и т. п.) — chapel
он регулярно ходит в церковь — he is a regular church goer, he is a regular attender at church
особая королевская церковь (храм, подчиняющийся непосредственно монарху) англик. — Royal Peculiar
приводить [приносить] в церковь (для крещения и т. п.) — to church
сегодня в церкви было много народу — there was a high [large] attendance at church
создавать [организовывать, основывать, учреждать] новые церкви — to plant new churches
церковь, имеющая купель лат. — delubrum
церковь, которую посещают христиане различных вероисповеданий, сект и т. п. (в небольшом населённом пункте) — union church, амер. community church
церковь, организованная в фасадной части здания (первоначально предназначавшейся под магазин; такие церкви обычно открываются евангелистами в бедных городских районах) амер. — storefront church
церковь, построенная по обету — votive church
трёхглавая [трёхкупольная] церковь — three-domed church
II"электронная церковь" (богослужебные собрания, проводимые по телевидению) — electronic church
(религ. организация, объединённая единством догматов и обрядов) Church, ecclesia, ekklesia; богосл. ( с Христом во главе) the Body; (Римско-катол. церковь как власть духовная) obedienceАнгликанская пресвитерианская церковь, церковь Англии — the Church of England
возвести церковь в положение господствующей (национальной, государственной, официальной) — to establish a Church
государственная церковь — state shurch, the State Church, ( в Великобритании) the Established Church
развитие [разрастание] церкви — church growth
ранняя церковь (первые века христ-ва, на заре христ-ва) — the early Church
Римско-катол. церковь — the church of Rome
христианская церковь — the Christian Church; библ. heritage
церковь Божия библ. — the church of God
церковь в Уэльсе (Англик. церковь Уэльса) — the Church in Wales
церковь, не принадлежащая ни к одному из признанных вероисповеданий (обыкновенно небольшая секта) — underground church
церковь, отделённая от государства — the Free Church, the church independent of the state
церковь, отделённая от государства и содержащаяся на средства верующих — voluntary church
церкви, основанные апостолами — the churches of apostolic foundation
Церковь Семи Соборов (о правосл. церкви) — the Church of the Seven Councils
"Церковь Христа-учёного" — the Church of Christ Scientist
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18 come
come [kʌm]∎ she won't come when she's called elle ne vient pas quand on l'appelle;∎ here come the children voici les enfants qui arrivent;∎ here he comes! le voilà qui arrive!;∎ it's stuck - ah, no, it's coming! c'est coincé - ah, non, ça vient!;∎ coming! j'arrive!;∎ come here! venez ici!; (to dog) au pied!;∎ come to the office tomorrow passez ou venez au bureau demain;∎ he came to me for advice il est venu me demander conseil;∎ you've come to the wrong person vous vous adressez à la mauvaise personne;∎ you've come to the wrong place vous vous êtes trompé de chemin, vous faites fausse route;∎ if you're looking for sun, you've come to the wrong place si c'est le soleil que vous cherchez, il ne fallait pas venir ici;∎ please come this way par ici ou suivez-moi s'il vous plaît;∎ I come this way every week je passe par ici toutes les semaines;∎ American come and look, come look venez voir;∎ familiar come and get it! à la soupe!;∎ he came whistling up the stairs il a monté l'escalier en sifflant;∎ a car came hurtling round the corner une voiture a pris le virage à toute vitesse;∎ people are constantly coming and going il y a un va-et-vient continuel;∎ fashions come and go la mode change tout le temps;∎ after many years had come and gone après bien des années;∎ familiar I don't know whether I'm coming or going je ne sais pas où j'en suis;∎ you have come a long way vous êtes venu de loin; figurative (made progress) vous avez fait du chemin;∎ the computer industry has come a very long way since then l'informatique a fait énormément de progrès depuis ce temps-là;∎ also figurative to come running arriver en courant;∎ we could see him coming a mile off on l'a vu venir avec ses gros sabots;∎ figurative you could see it coming on l'a vu venir de loin, c'était prévisible;∎ proverb everything comes to him who waits tout vient à point à qui sait attendre(b) (as guest, visitor) venir;∎ can you come to my party on Saturday night? est-ce que tu peux venir à ma soirée samedi?;∎ I'm sorry, I can't come (je suis) désolé, je ne peux pas venir;∎ would you like to come for lunch/dinner? voulez-vous venir déjeuner/dîner?;∎ I can only come for an hour or so je ne pourrai venir que pour une heure environ;∎ come for a ride in the car viens faire un tour en voiture;∎ she's come for her money elle est venue prendre son argent;∎ Angela came and we had a chat Angela est venue et on a bavardé;∎ they came for a week and stayed a month ils sont venus pour une semaine et ils sont restés un mois;∎ he couldn't have come at a worse time il n'aurait pas pu tomber plus mal∎ to come in time/late arriver à temps/en retard;∎ I've just come from the post office j'arrive de la poste à l'instant;∎ we came to a small town nous sommes arrivés dans une petite ville;∎ the time has come to tell the truth le moment est venu de dire la vérité;∎ to come to the end of sth arriver à la fin de qch;∎ I was coming to the end of my stay mon séjour touchait à sa fin;∎ there will come a point when… il viendra un moment où…;∎ when you come to the last coat of paint… quand tu en seras à la dernière couche de peinture…;∎ (reach) her hair comes (down) to her waist ses cheveux lui arrivent à la taille;∎ the mud came (up) to our knees la boue nous arrivait ou venait (jusqu') aux genoux(d) (occupy specific place, position) venir, se trouver;∎ the address comes above the date l'adresse se met au-dessus de la date;∎ my birthday comes before yours mon anniversaire vient avant ou précède le tien;∎ a colonel comes before a lieutenant un colonel a la préséance sur un lieutenant;∎ Friday comes after Thursday vendredi vient après ou suit jeudi;∎ that speech comes in Act 3/on page 10 on trouve ce discours dans l'acte 3/à la page 10;∎ the fireworks come next le feu d'artifice est après;∎ what comes after the performance? qu'est-ce qu'il y a après la représentation?(e) (occur, happen) arriver, se produire;∎ when my turn comes, when it comes to my turn quand ce sera (à) mon tour, quand mon tour viendra;∎ such an opportunity only comes once in your life une telle occasion ne se présente qu'une fois dans la vie;∎ he has a birthday coming son anniversaire approche;∎ there's a storm coming un orage se prépare;∎ success was a long time coming la réussite s'est fait attendre;∎ take life as it comes prenez la vie comme elle vient;∎ Christmas comes but once a year il n'y a qu'un Noël par an;∎ Bible it came to pass that… il advint que…;∎ come what may advienne que pourra, quoi qu'il arrive ou advienne∎ the idea just came to me one day l'idée m'est soudain venue un jour;∎ suddenly it came to me (I remembered) tout d'un coup, je m'en suis souvenu; (I had an idea) tout d'un coup, j'ai eu une idée;∎ I said the first thing that came into my head or that came to mind j'ai dit la première chose qui m'est venue à l'esprit;∎ the answer came to her elle a trouvé la réponse∎ writing comes naturally to her écrire lui est facile, elle est douée pour l'écriture;∎ a house doesn't come cheap une maison coûte ou revient cher;∎ the news came as a shock to her la nouvelle lui a fait un choc;∎ her visit came as a surprise sa visite nous a beaucoup surpris;∎ it comes as no surprise to learn he's gone (le fait) qu'il soit parti n'a rien de surprenant;∎ he's as silly as they come il est sot comme pas un;∎ they don't come any tougher than Big Al on ne fait pas plus fort que Big Al;∎ it'll all come right in the end tout cela va finir par s'arranger;∎ the harder they come the harder they fall plus dure sera la chute(h) (be available) exister;∎ this table comes in two sizes cette table existe ou se fait en deux dimensions;∎ the dictionary comes with a magnifying glass le dictionnaire est livré avec une loupe∎ it was a dream come true c'était un rêve devenu réalité;∎ to come unhooked se décrocher;∎ to come unravelled se défaire;∎ the buttons on my coat keep coming undone mon manteau se déboutonne toujours∎ she came to trust him elle en est venue à ou elle a fini par lui faire confiance;∎ we have come to expect this kind of thing nous nous attendons à ce genre de chose maintenant;∎ how did you come to lose your umbrella? comment as-tu fait pour perdre ton parapluie?;∎ how did the door come to be open? comment se fait-il que la porte soit ouverte?;∎ (now that I) come to think of it maintenant que j'y songe, réflexion faite;∎ it's not much money when you come to think of it ce n'est pas beaucoup d'argent quand vous y réfléchissez(k) (be owing, payable)∎ I still have £5 coming (to me) on me doit encore 5 livres;∎ there'll be money coming from her uncle's will elle va toucher l'argent du testament de son oncle;∎ he got all the credit coming to him il a eu tous les honneurs qu'il méritait;∎ familiar you'll get what's coming to you tu l'auras cherché ou voulu;∎ familiar he had it coming (to him) il ne l'a pas volé∎ a smile came to her lips un sourire parut sur ses lèvres ou lui vint aux lèvres∎ how come? comment ça?;∎ familiar come again? quoi?;∎ American how's it coming? comment ça va?;∎ come to that à propos, au fait;∎ I haven't seen her in weeks, or her husband, come to that ça fait des semaines que je ne l'ai pas vue, son mari non plus d'ailleurs;∎ if it comes to that, I'd rather stay home à ce moment-là ou à ce compte-là, je préfère rester à la maison;∎ don't come the fine lady with me! ne fais pas la grande dame ou ne joue pas à la grande dame avec moi!;∎ don't come the innocent! ne fais pas l'innocent!;∎ British familiar don't come it with me! (try to impress) n'essaie pas de m'en mettre plein la vue!; (lord it over) pas la peine d'être si hautain avec moi!;∎ the days to come les prochains jours, les jours qui viennent;∎ the battle to come la bataille qui va avoir lieu;∎ Religion the life to come l'autre vie;∎ in times to come à l'avenir;∎ for some time to come pendant quelque temps;∎ that will not be for some time to come ce ne sera pas avant quelque temps∎ (by) come tomorrow/Tuesday you'll feel better vous vous sentirez mieux demain/mardi;∎ I'll have been here two years come April ça fera deux ans en avril que je suis là;∎ come the revolution you'll all be out of a job avec la révolution, vous vous retrouverez tous au chômage∎ come, come!, come now! allons!, voyons!4 noun∎ it came about that… il arriva ou il advint que…;∎ how could such a mistake come about? comment une telle erreur a-t-elle pu se produire?;∎ the discovery of penicillin came about quite by accident la pénicilline a été découverte tout à fait par hasard(a) (walk, travel across → field, street) traverser;∎ as we stood talking she came across to join us pendant que nous discutions, elle est venue se joindre à nous∎ to come across well/badly (at interview) faire une bonne/mauvaise impression, bien/mal passer; (on TV) bien/mal passer;∎ he never comes across as well on film as in the theatre il passe mieux au théâtre qu'à l'écran;∎ he came across as a total idiot il donnait l'impression d'être complètement idiot∎ the author's message comes across well le message de l'auteur passe bien;∎ her disdain for his work came across le mépris qu'elle avait pour son travail transparaissait∎ we came across an interesting problem on a été confrontés à ou on est tombés sur un problème intéressant;∎ she reads everything she comes across elle lit tout ce qui lui tombe sous la mainfamiliar (give → information) donner□, fournir□ ; (→ help) offrir□ ; (→ money) raquer, se fendre de;∎ he came across with the money he owed me il m'a filé le fric qu'il me devait;∎ the crook came across with the names of his accomplices l'escroc a vendu ses complices(pursue) poursuivre;∎ he came after me with a stick il m'a poursuivi avec un bâton(a) (encouraging, urging)∎ come along, drink your medicine! allez, prends ou bois ton médicament!;∎ come along, we're late! dépêche-toi, nous sommes en retard!(b) (accompany) venir, accompagner;∎ she asked me to come along (with them) elle m'a invité à aller avec eux ou à les accompagner(c) (occur, happen) arriver, se présenter;∎ an opportunity like this doesn't come along often une telle occasion ne se présente pas souvent;∎ don't accept the first job that comes along ne prenez pas le premier travail qui se présente;∎ he married the first woman that came along il a épousé la première venue∎ the patient is coming along well le patient se remet bien;∎ the work isn't coming along as expected le travail n'avance pas comme prévu;∎ how's your computer class coming along? comment va ton cours d'informatique?(object → come to pieces) se démonter; (→ break) se casser; (project, policy) échouer;∎ to come apart at the seams (garment) se défaire aux coutures;∎ the book came apart in my hands le livre est tombé en morceaux quand je l'ai pris;∎ figurative under pressure he came apart sous la pression il a craqué(attack) attaquer, se jeter sur;∎ he came at me with a knife il s'est jeté sur moi avec un couteau;∎ figurative questions came at me from all sides j'ai été assailli de questions∎ come away from that door! écartez-vous de cette porte!;∎ I came away with the distinct impression that all was not well je suis reparti avec la forte impression que quelque chose n'allait pas;∎ he asked her to come away with him (elope) il lui a demandé de s'enfuir avec lui; British (go on holiday) il lui a demandé de partir avec lui(b) (separate) partir, se détacher;∎ the page came away in my hands la page m'est restée dans les mains∎ he came back with me il est revenu avec moi;∎ to come back home rentrer (à la maison);∎ figurative the colour came back to her cheeks elle reprit des couleurs;∎ we'll come back to that question later nous reviendrons à cette question plus tard;∎ to come back to what we were saying pour en revenir à ce que nous disions∎ it's all coming back to me tout cela me revient (à l'esprit ou à la mémoire);∎ her name will come back to me later son nom me reviendra plus tard∎ they came back with an argument in favour of the project ils ont répondu par un argument en faveur du projet∎ he came back strongly in the second set il a bien remonté au deuxième set;∎ they came back from 3-0 down ils ont remonté de 3 à 0brouiller, éloigner;∎ he came between her and her friend il l'a brouillée avec son amie, il l'a éloignée de son amie;∎ we mustn't let a small disagreement come between us nous n'allons pas nous disputer à cause d'un petit malentendu➲ come by(stop by) passer, venir(acquire → work, money) obtenir, se procurer; (→ idea) se faire;∎ jobs are hard to come by il est difficile de trouver du travail;∎ how did you come by this camera/those bruises? comment as-tu fait pour avoir cet appareil-photo/ces bleus?;∎ how did she come by all that money? comment s'est-elle procuré tout cet argent?;∎ how on earth did he come by that idea? où est-il allé chercher cette idée?(descend → ladder, stairs) descendre; (→ mountain) descendre, faire la descente de(a) (descend → from ladder, stairs) descendre; (→ from mountain etc) descendre, faire la descente; (plane → crash) s'écraser; (→ land) atterrir;∎ to come down to breakfast descendre déjeuner ou prendre le petit déjeuner;∎ come down from that tree! descends de cet arbre!;∎ they came down to Paris ils sont descendus à Paris;∎ hem-lines are coming down this year les jupes rallongent cette année;∎ he's come down in the world il a déchu;∎ you'd better come down to earth tu ferais bien de revenir sur terre ou de descendre des nues∎ rain was coming down in sheets il pleuvait des cordes;∎ the ceiling came down le plafond s'est effondré∎ the dress comes down to my ankles la robe descend jusqu'à mes chevilles;∎ her hair came down to her waist les cheveux lui tombaient ou descendaient jusqu'à la taille(d) (decrease) baisser;∎ he's ready to come down 10 percent on the price il est prêt à rabattre ou baisser le prix de 10 pour cent(e) (be passed down) être transmis (de père en fils);∎ this custom comes down from the Romans cette coutume nous vient des Romains;∎ the necklace came down to her from her great-aunt elle tient ce collier de sa grand-tante(f) (reach a decision) se prononcer;∎ the majority came down in favour of/against abortion la majorité s'est prononcée en faveur de/contre l'avortement;∎ to come down on sb's side décider en faveur de qn(g) (be removed) être défait ou décroché;∎ that wallpaper will have to come down il va falloir enlever ce papier peint;∎ the Christmas decorations are coming down today aujourd'hui, on enlève les décorations de Noël;∎ the tree will have to come down (be felled) il faut abattre cet arbre;∎ these houses are coming down soon on va bientôt démolir ces maisons∎ the boss came down hard on him le patron lui a passé un de ces savons;∎ one mistake and he'll come down on you like a ton of bricks si tu fais la moindre erreur, il te tombera sur le dos∎ they came down on me to sell the land ils ont essayé de me faire vendre le terrain□(amount) se réduire à, se résumer à;∎ it all comes down to what you want to do tout cela dépend de ce que vous souhaitez faire;∎ it all comes down to the same thing tout cela revient au même;∎ that's what his argument comes down to voici à quoi se réduit son raisonnement(become ill) attraper;∎ he came down with a cold il s'est enrhumé, il a attrapé un rhume(present oneself) se présenter;∎ more women are coming forward as candidates davantage de femmes présentent leur candidature;∎ the police have appealed for witnesses to come forward la police a demandé aux témoins de se faire connaître∎ the townspeople came forward with supplies les habitants de la ville ont offert des provisions;∎ he came forward with a new proposal il a fait une nouvelle proposition;∎ Law to come forward with evidence présenter des preuvesvenir;∎ she comes from China elle vient ou elle est originaire de Chine;∎ to come from a good family être issu ou venir d'une bonne famille;∎ this word comes from Latin ce mot vient du latin;∎ this wine comes from the south of France ce vin vient du sud de la France;∎ this passage comes from one of his novels ce passage est extrait ou provient d'un de ses romans;∎ that's surprising coming from him c'est étonnant de sa part;∎ a sob came from his throat un sanglot s'est échappé de sa gorge;∎ familiar I'm not sure where he's coming from je ne sais pas très bien ce qui le motive□∎ come in! entrez!;∎ they came in through the window ils sont entrés par la fenêtre;∎ come in now, children, it's getting dark rentrez maintenant, les enfants, il commence à faire nuit;∎ British familiar Mrs Brown comes in twice a week (to clean) Madame Brown vient (faire le ménage) deux fois par semaine(b) (plane, train) arriver(c) (in competition) arriver;∎ she came in second elle est arrivée deuxième(d) (be received → money, contributions) rentrer;∎ there isn't enough money coming in to cover expenditure l'argent qui rentre ne suffit pas à couvrir les dépenses;∎ how much do you have coming in every week? combien touchez-vous ou encaissez-vous chaque semaine?∎ news is just coming in of a riot in Red Square on nous annonce à l'instant des émeutes sur la place Rouge∎ come in car number 1, over j'appelle voiture 1, à vous;∎ come in Barry Stewart from New York à vous, Barry Stewart à New York∎ when do endives come in? quand commence la saison des endives?;∎ leather has come in le cuir est à la mode ou en vogue∎ these gloves come in handy or useful for driving ces gants sont bien commodes ou utiles pour conduire∎ where do I come in? quel est mon rôle là-dedans?;∎ this is where the law comes in c'est là que la loi intervient;∎ he should come in on the deal il devrait participer à l'opération;∎ I'd like to come in on this (conversation) j'aimerais dire quelques mots là-dessus ou à ce sujet(be object of → abuse, reproach) subir;∎ to come in for criticism être critiqué, être l'objet de critiques;∎ the government came in for a lot of criticism over its handling of the crisis le gouvernement a été très critiqué pour la façon dont il gère la crise;∎ to come in for praise être félicité(be given a part in) prendre part à;∎ they let him come in on the deal ils l'ont laissé prendre part à l'affaire∎ they came into a fortune (won) ils ont gagné une fortune; (inherited) ils ont hérité d'une fortune(b) (play a role in) jouer un rôle;∎ it's not simply a matter of pride, though pride does come into it ce n'est pas une simple question de fierté, bien que la fierté joue un certain rôle;∎ money doesn't come into it! l'argent n'a rien à voir là-dedans!résulter de;∎ what will come of it? qu'en adviendra-t-il?, qu'en résultera-t-il?;∎ no good will come from or of it ça ne mènera à rien de bon, il n'en résultera rien de bon;∎ let me know what comes of the meeting faites-moi savoir ce qui ressortira de la réunion;∎ that's what comes from listening to you! voilà ce qui arrive quand on vous écoute!➲ come off(a) (fall off → of rider) tomber de; (→ of button) se détacher de, se découdre de; (→ of handle, label) se détacher de; (of tape, wallpaper) se détacher de, se décoller de; (be removed → of stain, mark) partir de, s'enlever de∎ to come off the pill arrêter (de prendre) la pilule(c) (climb down from, leave → wall, ladder etc) descendre de;∎ to come off a ship/plane débarquer d'un navire/d'un avion;∎ I've just come off the night shift (finished work) je viens de quitter l'équipe de nuit; (finished working nights) je viens de finir le travail de nuit∎ oh, come off it! allez, arrête ton char!(a) (rider) tomber; (button) se détacher, se découdre; (handle, label) se détacher; (stain, mark) partir, s'enlever; (tape, wallpaper) se détacher, se décoller;∎ the handle came off in his hand la poignée lui est restée dans la main(c) (fare, manage) s'en sortir, se tirer de;∎ you came off well in the competition tu t'en es bien tiré au concours;∎ to come off best gagner(d) familiar (happen) avoir lieu□, se passer□ ; (be carried through) se réaliser□ ; (succeed) réussir□ ;∎ did the game come off all right? le match s'est bien passé?;∎ my trip to China didn't come off mon voyage en Chine n'a pas eu lieu;∎ his plan didn't come off son projet est tombé à l'eau∎ I'll come on after (you) je vous suivrai(b) (in imperative) come on! (with motion, encouraging, challenging) vas-y!, allez!; (hurry) allez!; familiar (expressing incredulity) tu rigoles!;∎ come on Scotland! allez l'Écosse!;∎ come on in/up! entre/monte donc!;∎ oh, come on, for goodness sake! allez, arrête!∎ how is your work coming on? où en est votre travail?;∎ my roses are coming on nicely mes rosiers se portent bien;∎ her new book is coming on quite well son nouveau livre avance bien;∎ he's coming on in physics il fait des progrès en physique∎ as night came on quand la nuit a commençé à tomber;∎ it's coming on to rain il va pleuvoir;∎ I feel a headache/cold coming on je sens un mal de tête qui commence/que je m'enrhume(e) (start functioning → electricity, gas, heater, lights, radio) s'allumer; (→ motor) se mettre en marche; (→ utilities at main) être mis en service;∎ has the water come on? y a-t-il de l'eau?(f) (behave, act)∎ don't come on all macho with me! ne joue pas les machos avec moi!;∎ familiar you came on a bit strong tu y es allé un peu fort∎ his new play is coming on on va donner sa nouvelle pièce(a) (proceed to consider) aborder, passer à;∎ I want to come on to the issue of epidemics je veux passer à la question des épidémies∎ she was coming on to me in a big way elle me draguait à fond(a) (exit, go out socially) sortir;∎ as we came out of the theatre au moment où nous sommes sortis du théâtre;∎ would you like to come out with me tonight? est-ce que tu veux sortir avec moi ce soir?;∎ figurative if he'd only come out of himself or out of his shell si seulement il sortait de sa coquille(b) (make appearance → stars, sun) paraître, se montrer; (→ flowers) sortir, éclore; figurative (→ book) paraître, être publié; (→ film) paraître, sortir; (→ new product) sortir;∎ to come out in a rash (person) se couvrir de boutons, avoir une éruption;∎ his nasty side came out sa méchanceté s'est manifestée;∎ I didn't mean it the way it came out ce n'est pas ce que je voulais dire∎ as soon as the news came out dès qu'on a su la nouvelle, dès que la nouvelle a été annoncée∎ when do your stitches come out? quand est-ce qu'on t'enlève tes fils?(e) (declare oneself publicly) se déclarer;∎ to come out strongly (for/against) se prononcer avec vigueur (pour/contre);∎ the governor came out against/for abortion le gouverneur s'est prononcé (ouvertement) contre/pour l'avortement;∎ familiar to come out (of the closet) (homosexual) révéler (publiquement) son homosexualité□, faire son come-out∎ the government came out of the deal badly le gouvernement s'est mal sorti de l'affaire;∎ everything will come out fine tout va s'arranger;∎ I came out top in maths j'étais premier en maths;∎ to come out on top gagner(h) (go into society) faire ses débuts ou débuter dans le monde∎ this sum won't come out je n'arrive pas à résoudre cette opération∎ the pictures came out well/badly les photos étaient très bonnes/n'ont rien donné;∎ the house didn't come out well la maison n'est pas très bien sur les photos∎ to come out of a document sortir d'un document(amount to) s'élever à∎ to come out in spots or a rash avoir une éruption de boutons(say) dire, sortir;∎ what will he come out with next? qu'est-ce qu'il va nous sortir encore?;∎ he finally came out with it il a fini par le sortir(a) (move, travel in direction of speaker) venir;∎ at the party she came over to talk to me pendant la soirée, elle est venue me parler;∎ do you want to come over this evening? tu veux venir à la maison ce soir?;∎ his family came over with the early settlers sa famille est arrivée ou venue avec les premiers pionniers;∎ I met him in the plane coming over je l'ai rencontré dans l'avion en venant∎ they came over to our side ils sont passés de notre côté;∎ he finally came over to their way of thinking il a fini par se ranger à leur avis∎ her speech came over well son discours a fait bon effet ou bonne impression;∎ he came over as honest il a donné l'impression d'être honnête;∎ he doesn't come over well on television il ne passe pas bien à la télévision;∎ her voice comes over well sa voix passe ou rend bien∎ he came over all funny (felt ill) il s'est senti mal tout d'un coup, il a eu un malaise; (behaved oddly) il est devenu tout bizarre;∎ to come over dizzy être pris de vertige;∎ to come over faint être pris d'une faiblesseaffecter, envahir;∎ a change came over him un changement se produisit en lui;∎ a feeling of fear came over him il a été saisi de peur, la peur s'est emparée de lui;∎ what has come over him? qu'est-ce qui lui prend?(a) (make a detour) faire le détour;∎ we came round by the factory nous sommes passés par ou nous avons fait le détour par l'usine(c) (occur → regular event)∎ don't wait for Christmas to come round n'attendez pas Noël;∎ when the championships/elections come round au moment des championnats/élections;∎ the summer holidays will soon be coming round again bientôt, ce sera de nouveau les grandes vacances(d) (change mind) changer d'avis;∎ he finally came round to our way of thinking il a fini par se ranger à notre avis;∎ they soon came round to the idea ils se sont faits à cette idée;∎ (change to better mood) don't worry, she'll soon come round ne t'en fais pas, elle sera bientôt de meilleure humeur(e) (recover consciousness) reprendre connaissance, revenir à soi; (get better) se remettre, se rétablir;∎ she's coming round after a bout of pneumonia elle se remet d'une pneumonie∎ his sense of conviction came through on voyait qu'il était convaincu;∎ her enthusiasm comes through in her letters son enthousiasme se lit dans ses lettres;∎ your call is coming through je vous passe votre communication;∎ you're coming through loud and clear je vous reçois cinq sur cinq;∎ figurative his message came through loud and clear son message a été reçu cinq sur cinq(b) (be granted, approved) se réaliser;∎ did your visa come through? avez-vous obtenu votre visa?;∎ my request for a transfer came through ma demande de mutation a été acceptée∎ he came through for us il a fait ce qu'on attendait de lui□ ;∎ did he come through on his promise? a-t-il tenu parole?□ ;∎ they came through with the documents ils ont fourni les documents□ ;∎ he came through with the money il a rendu l'argent comme prévu□∎ we came through marshland nous sommes passés par ou avons traversé des marais;∎ the rain came through my coat la pluie a traversé mon manteau;∎ water is coming through the roof l'eau s'infiltre par le toit∎ they came through the accident without a scratch ils sont sortis de l'accident indemnes;∎ I'm sure you will come through this crisis je suis sûr que tu te sortiras de cette crise;∎ she came through the exam with flying colours elle a réussi l'examen avec brio➲ come to(a) (recover consciousness) reprendre connaissance, revenir à soi∎ when it comes to physics, she's a genius pour ce qui est de la physique, c'est un génie;∎ when it comes to paying you can't see anyone for dust quand il faut payer, il n'y a plus personne(b) (amount to) s'élever à, se monter à;∎ how much did dinner come to? à combien s'élevait le dîner?;∎ her salary comes to £750 a month elle gagne 750 livres par mois;∎ the plan never came to anything le projet n'a abouti à rien;∎ that nephew of yours will never come to anything ton neveu n'arrivera jamais à rien∎ now we come to questions of health nous en venons maintenant aux questions de santé;∎ he got what was coming to him il n'a eu que ce qu'il méritait;∎ to come to a conclusion arriver à une conclusion;∎ to come to power accéder au pouvoir;∎ what is the world or what are things coming to? où va-t-on ?;∎ what are things coming to when there aren't even enough hospital beds available? où va-t-on s'il n'y a pas assez de lits dans les hôpitaux?;∎ I never thought it would come to this je ne me doutais pas qu'on en arriverait là;∎ let's hope it won't come to that espérons que nous n'en arrivions pas là∎ the two roads come together at this point les deux routes se rejoignent à cet endroit∎ everything came together at the final performance tout s'est passé à merveille pour la dernière représentation□∎ the government is coming under pressure to lower taxes le gouvernement subit des pressions visant à réduire les impôts(b) (be classified under) être classé sous;∎ that subject comes under "current events" ce sujet est classé ou se trouve sous la rubrique "actualités"∎ I come up to town every Monday je viens en ville tous les lundis;∎ they came up to Chicago ils sont venus à Chicago;∎ she came up the hard way elle a réussi à la force du poignet;∎ Military an officer who came up through the ranks un officier sorti du rang(c) (approach) s'approcher;∎ to come up to sb s'approcher de qn, aborder qn;∎ the students came up to him with their questions les étudiants sont venus le voir avec leurs questions;∎ it's coming up to five o'clock il est presque cinq heures;∎ coming up now on Channel 4, the seven o'clock news et maintenant, sur Channel 4, le journal de sept heures;∎ familiar one coffee, coming up! et un café, un!∎ my beans are coming up nicely mes haricots poussent bien(e) (come under consideration → matter) être soulevé, être mis sur le tapis; (→ question, problem) se poser, être soulevé; Law (→ accused) comparaître; (→ case) être entendu;∎ that problem has never come up ce problème ne s'est jamais posé;∎ the question of financing always comes up la question du financement se pose toujours;∎ the subject came up twice in the conversation le sujet est revenu deux fois dans la conversation;∎ your name came up twice on a mentionné votre nom deux fois;∎ she comes up for re-election this year son mandat prend fin cette année;∎ my contract is coming up for review mon contrat doit être révisé;∎ to come up before the judge or the court (accused) comparaître devant le juge; (case) être entendu par la cour;∎ her case comes up next Wednesday elle passe au tribunal mercredi prochain∎ to deal with problems as they come up traiter les problèmes au fur et à mesure;∎ she's ready for anything that might come up elle est prête à faire face à toute éventualité;∎ I can't make it, something has come up je ne peux pas venir, j'ai un empêchement;∎ I'll let you know if anything comes up (if I find further information) s'il y a du nouveau, je vous tiendrai au courant; (anything that is suitable) je vous tiendrai au courant si je vois quelque chose qui vous convienne∎ when the lights came up at the interval lorsque les lumières se rallumèrent à l'entracte∎ everything she eats comes up (again) elle vomit ou rejette tout ce qu'elle mange(i) (colour, wood etc)∎ the colour comes up well when it's cleaned la couleur revient bien au nettoyage∎ did their number come up? (in lottery) ont-ils gagné au loto?; figurative est-ce qu'ils ont touché le gros lot?(be confronted with) rencontrer;∎ they came up against some tough competition ils se sont heurtés à des concurrents redoutables(find unexpectedly → person) rencontrer par hasard, tomber sur; (→ object) trouver par hasard, tomber sur;∎ we came upon the couple just as they were kissing nous avons surpris le couple en train de s'embrasser∎ the mud came up to their knees la boue leur montait ou arrivait jusqu'aux genoux;∎ she comes up to his shoulder elle lui arrive à l'épaule;∎ we're coming up to the halfway mark nous atteindrons bientôt la moitié∎ his last book doesn't come up to the others son dernier livre ne vaut pas les autres;∎ to come up to sb's expectations répondre à l'attente de qn;∎ the play didn't come up to our expectations la pièce nous a déçus(offer, propose → money, loan) fournir; (think of → plan, suggestion) suggérer, proposer; (→ answer) trouver; (→ excuse) trouver, inventer;∎ they came up with a wonderful idea ils ont eu une idée géniale;∎ what will she come up with next? qu'est-ce qu'elle va encore inventer?ⓘ Come on down! Il s'agit de la formule consacrée du jeu télévisé The Price is Right (dont l'équivalent français est Le Juste prix) qui débuta en 1957 aux États-Unis, et dans les années 80 en Grande-Bretagne. L'animateur de l'émission prononçait ces paroles ("Descendez!") pour inviter les membres du public sélectionnés pour participer au jeu à venir le rejoindre sur la scène. Aujourd'hui on utilise cette formule plaisamment pour dire à quelqu'un d'approcher ou bien pour indiquer à quelqu'un qui doit prononcer un discours ou se produire sur scène qu'il est temps de prendre place.ⓘ Come up and see me sometime... Cette formule fut utilisée pour la première fois par Mae West dans le film de 1933 She Done Him Wrong (dont le titre français est Lady Lou); la citation exacte était en fait Why don't you come up sometime, see me? ("Pourquoi est-ce que tu ne monterais pas un de ces jours, pour me voir?"). Il s'agit de l'archétype de l'invitation au badinage. Encore aujourd'hui on utilise cette formule en imitant l'air canaille de Mae West. -
19 Maudslay, Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 22 August 1771 Woolwich, Kent, Englandd. 15 February 1831 Lambeth, London, England[br]English precision toolmaker and engineer.[br]Henry Maudslay was the third son of an ex-soldier and storekeeper at Woolwich Arsenal. At the age of 12 he was employed at the Arsenal filling cartridges; two years later he was transferred to the woodworking department, adjacent to the smithy, to which he moved when 15 years old. He was a rapid learner, and three years later Joseph Bramah took him on for the construction of special tools required for the mass-production of his locks. Maudslay was thus employed for the next eight years. He became Bramah's foreman, married his housekeeper, Sarah Tindale, and, unable to better himself, decided to leave and set up on his own. He soon outgrew his first premises in Wells Street and moved to Margaret Street, off Oxford Street, where some examples of his workmanship were displayed in the window. These caught the attention of a visiting Frenchman, de Bacquancourt; he was a friend of Marc Isambard Brunel, who was then in the early stages of designing the block-making machinery later installed at Portsmouth dockyard.Brunel wanted first a set of working models, as he did not think that the Lords of the Admiralty would be capable of understanding engineering drawings; Maudslay made these for him within the next two years. Sir Samuel Bentham, Inspector-General of Naval Works, agreed that Brunel's system was superior to the one that he had gone some way in developing; the Admiralty approved, and an order was placed for the complete plant. The manufacture of the machinery occupied Maudslay for the next six years; he was assisted by a draughtsman whom he took on from Portsmouth dockyard, Joshua Field (1786–1863), who became his partner in Maudslay, Son and Field. There were as many as eighty employees at Margaret Street until, in 1810, larger premises became necessary and a new works was built at Lambeth Marsh where, eventually, there were up to two hundred workers. The new factory was flanked by two houses, one of which was occupied by Maudslay, the other by Field. The firm became noted for its production of marine steam-engines, notably Maudslay's table engine which was first introduced in 1807.Maudslay was a consummate craftsman who was never happier than when working at his bench or at a machine tool; he was also one of the first engineers to appreciate the virtues of standardization. Evidence of this appreciation is to be found in his work in the development of the Bramah lock and then on the machine tools for the manufacture of ship's blocks to Marc Brunel's designs; possibly his most important contribution was the invention in 1797 of the metal lathe. He made a number of surface plates of the finest quality. The most celebrated of his numerous measuring devices was a micrometer-based machine which he termed his "Lord Chancellor" because, in the machine shop, it represented the "final court of appeal", measuring to one-thousandth of an inch.[br]Further Reading1934–5, "Maudslay, Sons \& Field as general engineers", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 15, London.1963, Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers. L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London: Batsford.W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford: Oxford University Press.IMcN -
20 Murdock (Murdoch), William
[br]b. 21 August 1754 Cumnock, Ayrshire, Scotlandd. 15 November 1839 Handsworth, Birmingham, England[br]Scottish engineer and inventor, pioneer in coal-gas production.[br]He was the third child and the eldest of three boys born to John Murdoch and Anna Bruce. His father, a millwright and joiner, spelled his name Murdock on moving to England. He was educated for some years at Old Cumnock Parish School and in 1777, with his father, he built a "wooden horse", supposed to have been a form of cycle. In 1777 he set out for the Soho manufactory of Boulton \& Watt, where he quickly found employment, Boulton supposedly being impressed by the lad's hat. This was oval and made of wood, and young William had turned it himself on a lathe of his own manufacture. Murdock quickly became Boulton \& Watt's representative in Cornwall, where there was a flourishing demand for steam-engines. He lived at Redruth during this period.It is said that a number of the inventions generally ascribed to James Watt are in fact as much due to Murdock as to Watt. Examples are the piston and slide valve and the sun-and-planet gearing. A number of other inventions are attributed to Murdock alone: typical of these is the oscillating cylinder engine which obviated the need for an overhead beam.In about 1784 he planned a steam-driven road carriage of which he made a working model. He also planned a high-pressure non-condensing engine. The model carriage was demonstrated before Murdock's friends and travelled at a speed of 6–8 mph (10–13 km/h). Boulton and Watt were both antagonistic to their employees' developing independent inventions, and when in 1786 Murdock set out with his model for the Patent Office, having received no reply to a letter he had sent to Watt, Boulton intercepted him on the open road near Exeter and dissuaded him from going any further.In 1785 he married Mary Painter, daughter of a mine captain. She bore him four children, two of whom died in infancy, those surviving eventually joining their father at the Soho Works. Murdock was a great believer in pneumatic power: he had a pneumatic bell-push at Sycamore House, his home near Soho. The pattern-makers lathe at the Soho Works worked for thirty-five years from an air motor. He also conceived the idea of a vacuum piston engine to exhaust a pipe, later developed by the London Pneumatic Despatch Company's railway and the forerunner of the atmospheric railway.Another field in which Murdock was a pioneer was the gas industry. In 1791, in Redruth, he was experimenting with different feedstocks in his home-cum-office in Cross Street: of wood, peat and coal, he preferred the last. He designed and built in the backyard of his house a prototype generator, washer, storage and distribution plant, and publicized the efficiency of coal gas as an illuminant by using it to light his own home. In 1794 or 1795 he informed Boulton and Watt of his experimental work and of its success, suggesting that a patent should be applied for. James Watt Junior was now in the firm and was against patenting the idea since they had had so much trouble with previous patents and had been involved in so much litigation. He refused Murdock's request and for a short time Murdock left the firm to go home to his father's mill. Boulton \& Watt soon recognized the loss of a valuable servant and, in a short time, he was again employed at Soho, now as Engineer and Superintendent at the increased salary of £300 per year plus a 1 per cent commission. From this income, he left £14,000 when he died in 1839.In 1798 the workshops of Boulton and Watt were permanently lit by gas, starting with the foundry building. The 180 ft (55 m) façade of the Soho works was illuminated by gas for the Peace of Paris in June 1814. By 1804, Murdock had brought his apparatus to a point where Boulton \& Watt were able to canvas for orders. Murdock continued with the company after the death of James Watt in 1819, but retired in 1830 and continued to live at Sycamore House, Handsworth, near Birmingham.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Rumford Gold Medal 1808.Further ReadingS.Smiles, 1861, Lives of the Engineers, Vol. IV: Boulton and Watt, London: John Murray.H.W.Dickinson and R.Jenkins, 1927, James Watt and the Steam Engine, Oxford: Clarendon Press.J.A.McCash, 1966, "William Murdoch. Faithful servant" in E.G.Semler (ed.), The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Murdock (Murdoch), William
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